00:00:19.280 --> 00:00:21.480
Listen carefully to this riddle:

00:00:21.760 --> 00:00:24.280
A father and son travel
from Madrid to Valencia by car.

00:00:24.640 --> 00:00:28.000
They have an accident and the father dies.

00:00:28.640 --> 00:00:35.640
The son needs a complicated operation
so the hospital calls the top expert in surgery.

00:00:36.040 --> 00:00:39.800
Upon seeing the boy, the expert says
“I can’t operate, he’s my son”.

00:00:40.000 --> 00:00:41.440
Who is the expert?

00:00:49.480 --> 00:00:50.400
Do I have to answer?

00:00:51.160 --> 00:00:52.520
Is it obligatory?

00:00:53.560 --> 00:00:56.320
I’m completely baffled

00:00:57.720 --> 00:00:58.760
You’ve got me there

00:00:59.360 --> 00:01:02.000
I don’t know, my mind wandered off. No idea.

00:01:02.480 --> 00:01:04.080
Can you say it again?

00:01:04.400 --> 00:01:05.600
The facts are:

00:01:05.920 --> 00:01:09.520
they have an accident, the father dies,
the son is in hospital.

00:01:09.840 --> 00:01:13.360
They call the expert surgeon who says
“I can’t operate because he’s my son”.

00:01:14.240 --> 00:01:18.200
First off it would be the Dad, but…no.

00:01:19.120 --> 00:01:20.640
The father's spirit

00:01:21.120 --> 00:01:24.920
He could be the father of someone,
but not the boy next to him.

00:01:25.600 --> 00:01:28.240
The biological father or something like that.

00:01:29.040 --> 00:01:33.280
The expert? No idea, unless it’s the King

00:01:33.800 --> 00:01:35.360
Um, um, um, um.

00:01:35.920 --> 00:01:38.200
The expert? It must be God, I suppose.

00:01:41.120 --> 00:01:44.520
Because he’s my son… the expert…

00:01:46.160 --> 00:01:46.640
I don’t know.

00:01:47.440 --> 00:01:50.520
No, not at all, no idea.

00:01:50.760 --> 00:01:51.720
I have no idea.

00:01:52.480 --> 00:01:57.360
The father died, so this is someone else.
He can’t operate because it’s his son?

00:01:57.800 --> 00:02:01.440
It must be God, I can’t think of anything else,
it doesn’t make sense.

00:02:02.400 --> 00:02:06.600
The expert

00:02:07.440 --> 00:02:16.360
CRISTINA CÁNOVAS/ NATURAL SCIENCE MUSEUM
If the mother is the last thing you think of
when you hear this riddle, it’s an educational problem

00:02:16.760 --> 00:02:23.560
It’s incredible because I work in this and
I heard the riddle when I was preparing the exhibition

00:02:24.600 --> 00:02:27.920
but I didn’t think of the mother.

00:02:28.520 --> 00:02:30.840
How is that possible?

00:02:31.120 --> 00:02:43.880
ROCÍO DE IRIARTE / NATURAL SCIENCE MUSEUM
I didn’t get it right. It’s incredible that
we assume that experts are men and not women.

00:02:44.360 --> 00:02:49.480
I suppose it’s because of stereotypes,
images we have deep inside.

00:02:49.800 --> 00:02:55.560
Well, the patriarchy exists.
Who else could ’the expert’ be? A man.

00:02:55.960 --> 00:03:02.120
From early on we're taught that
scientists and technologists are men.

00:03:02.560 --> 00:03:08.440
When we think of doctors or engineers,
we think of men.

00:03:08.720 --> 00:03:09.480
Einstein

00:03:10.360 --> 00:03:10.960
Einstein

00:03:11.920 --> 00:03:12.760
Einstein

00:03:13.240 --> 00:03:14.280
Albert Einstein

00:03:14.520 --> 00:03:15.560
Severo Ochoa

00:03:16.080 --> 00:03:17.160
Ramón y Cajal

00:03:17.720 --> 00:03:18.480
Ramón y Cajal

00:03:18.640 --> 00:03:19.200
Stephen Hawkins

00:03:19.520 --> 00:03:19.800
Gay-Lussac

00:03:20.240 --> 00:03:20.440
Bohr

00:03:20.800 --> 00:03:21.360
Bill Gates

00:03:21.600 --> 00:03:22.200
Fleming

00:03:22.360 --> 00:03:24.880
Newton, Galileo and the rest

00:03:26.520 --> 00:03:29.560
We need more women in textbooks, please!

00:03:29.840 --> 00:03:33.600
They've been hidden in history but they are there.

00:03:33.960 --> 00:03:38.600
SARA GÓMEZ  “WOMEN AND ENGINEERING” PROJECT
If you ask children for examples of
famous women scientists or engineers,

00:03:38.960 --> 00:03:46.480
the answer is either silence or
someone like Marie Curie.

00:03:46.800 --> 00:03:50.560
I can remember a woman scientist
but I can’t remember her name.

00:03:51.040 --> 00:03:55.000
I don’t know, my mind’s gone blank.
I don’t know.

00:03:55.480 --> 00:04:00.160
Hang on, I can’t remember.
I can’t think at all. I really can’t think at all.

00:04:01.560 --> 00:04:03.480
Does my parasitology professor count?

00:04:04.080 --> 00:04:05.320
I don’t know, Madame Curie.

00:04:05.560 --> 00:04:06.560
Marie Curie, exactly!

00:04:07.040 --> 00:04:07.680
Marie Curie

00:04:08.080 --> 00:04:08.960
Marie Curie

00:04:09.320 --> 00:04:09.960
Marie Curie

00:04:10.320 --> 00:04:11.200
Marie Curie

00:04:11.680 --> 00:04:12.280
Marie Curie

00:04:12.880 --> 00:04:13.240
Marie Curie

00:04:13.600 --> 00:04:14.240
Marie Curie

00:04:14.400 --> 00:04:15.520
Marie Curie, for example

00:04:16.000 --> 00:04:17.600
Marie Curie

00:04:19.440 --> 00:04:26.920
There are others we don’t know so well.
Women who designed a cart for delivering milk,

00:04:27.600 --> 00:04:32.040
who created a device for reading braille.

00:04:32.800 --> 00:04:40.520
Others who have 400 patents,
who invented an iris identification system.

00:04:41.640 --> 00:04:44.280
Even Hollywood actresses.

00:04:46.840 --> 00:04:52.200
During an exhibition about Marie Curie,
many women told us that reading about Marie Curie

00:04:52.880 --> 00:04:58.120
led them to study physics, chemistry or medicine.

00:04:58.360 --> 00:05:01.960
If there had been lots of Marie Curies,
more women would have studied science.

00:05:02.200 --> 00:05:04.320
Many women have changed the world

00:05:04.520 --> 00:05:10.760
and we don’t have to look abroad to find them.
In Spain we have wonderful examples.

00:05:11.000 --> 00:05:17.880
Margarita Salas is a pioneer, a driving force in
biochemistry and molecular biology in Spain.

00:05:18.240 --> 00:05:23.080
MARGARITA SALAS / BIOCHEMIST
It’s hard to overcome invisibility.

00:05:23.600 --> 00:05:28.960
You must keep going, not be discouraged,
even if they ignore you

00:05:29.280 --> 00:05:35.680
because you do feel ignored and invisible.

00:05:36.080 --> 00:05:40.920
But you mustn’t give up,
you must show you’re as good as men can be.

00:05:41.240 --> 00:05:46.680
SUSANA MARCOS / PHYSICIST
When I go to evaluate European projects
there's a lot of talk at the start,

00:05:46.960 --> 00:05:53.280
so that the evaluators bear it in mind,
about the imperceptible unconscious bias

00:05:53.800 --> 00:05:59.040
that may exist without us realising.

00:05:59.400 --> 00:06:09.280
It’s important because, although I don’t want positive
discrimination, to be given things because we’re women

00:06:09.560 --> 00:06:14.920
I don’t want negative discrimination either,
to be denied things because we’re women.

00:06:15.640 --> 00:06:22.880
Gender-equal committees and juries, 40-60 or 60-40,

00:06:23.240 --> 00:06:32.400
are important so that women are considered as well as men.

00:06:33.040 --> 00:06:38.160
Now there are 900 men
and 48 women Nobel Prize winners.

00:06:38.560 --> 00:06:41.160
Barely 5 percent.

00:06:41.560 --> 00:06:45.680
It’s time to make women visible.
Of course it depends how you look at it.

00:06:45.960 --> 00:06:50.840
Rita Levi-Montalcini, Italian Nobel Laureate in Medicine, said

00:06:51.120 --> 00:06:53.320
it was a miracle to have 48,

00:06:53.600 --> 00:06:57.080
bearing in mind the stolen years of education.

00:06:57.480 --> 00:07:01.800
The task is for boys and girls
to understand that they are equal

00:07:02.240 --> 00:07:07.920
and that, with the same opportunities,
the only obstacles for men and women

00:07:08.200 --> 00:07:13.600
should be their intelligence and effort.
Then it would end.

00:07:15.360 --> 00:07:22.840
Horserider,... scientist,...
explorer,... animal carer.

00:07:23.440 --> 00:07:29.360
Three things:
gamer, football player and traceur.

00:07:30.160 --> 00:07:36.480
I want to be a gymnast, gymnastics coach and scientist.

00:07:37.280 --> 00:07:40.960
I want to be a gamer, football player and traceur.

00:07:41.920 --> 00:07:46.520
Football player, traceur and... scientist.

00:07:46.920 --> 00:07:49.960
When I was young I didn’t know what I wanted to do.

00:07:50.520 --> 00:07:55.720
I always wanted to be an engineer because
I liked messing around, tinkering

00:07:56.120 --> 00:07:58.440
Playing with meccano and building.

00:07:58.880 --> 00:08:05.520
In the 6th form a woman science teacher
awoke my passion for physics

00:08:06.000 --> 00:08:08.800
and I decided to study physical sciences.

00:08:09.040 --> 00:08:14.640
I never felt a vocation for research or thought
I would be a researcher when I was little

00:08:15.080 --> 00:08:20.120
but once I got into research I was hooked.

00:08:20.880 --> 00:08:24.760
The message I received was that
engineering was for men.

00:08:25.120 --> 00:08:27.320
In fact, that view still prevails.

00:08:27.720 --> 00:08:31.280
CAMILA MONASTERIO / BIOLOGIST
These stereotypes appear from the age of 5 onwards.

00:08:31.520 --> 00:08:39.160
Boys are good at maths and
girls are good at human sciences and listening.

00:08:39.440 --> 00:08:43.400
It’s not just about telling girls
“You can study aeronautical engineering”

00:08:43.600 --> 00:08:50.200
it’s about telling boys “You can develop
skills that are not supposedly for boys”.

00:08:56.520 --> 00:08:59.120
It’s hard to think of any women that we studied.

00:08:59.320 --> 00:09:02.080
As I remember, we studied very few women.

00:09:02.720 --> 00:09:07.680
Sometimes Marie Curie,
one of the most famous ones.

00:09:08.200 --> 00:09:13.680
We don’t remember them because
we’re not told about them when we’re little.

00:09:14.040 --> 00:09:17.880
There are few women scientists in textbooks,

00:09:18.360 --> 00:09:20.960
few on TV

00:09:21.040 --> 00:09:24.800
and we don’t generally see these role models.

00:09:25.280 --> 00:09:30.600
We can’t remember them
because we’re never shown them.

00:09:30.840 --> 00:09:32.040
This needs to change.

00:09:32.800 --> 00:09:35.560
Other stories are necessary.

00:09:35.680 --> 00:09:39.760
History has not been written by
white men alone but also by women.

00:09:40.320 --> 00:09:47.280
Another criticism is that it should not
only be European Western women.

00:09:47.560 --> 00:09:52.160
It’s not enough to include women in science
if we all come from the same social class.

00:09:52.440 --> 00:09:55.920
We’ve been lucky enough to study,
to get a degree.

00:09:56.200 --> 00:10:02.240
If you only include a certain kind of woman,
you’re not making a fairer system.

00:10:02.760 --> 00:10:05.720
The one I know best is Marie Curie.

00:10:06.240 --> 00:10:07.080
Marie Curie

00:10:07.520 --> 00:10:08.680
Madame Curie

00:10:09.080 --> 00:10:10.040
Marie Curie

00:10:10.320 --> 00:10:11.040
Marie Curie

00:10:11.920 --> 00:10:16.040
She was one of the first women scientists in history.

00:10:16.640 --> 00:10:22.360
For Christmas I got a book
about women that made discoveries

00:10:22.720 --> 00:10:29.720
and did great things
in a world dominated by men.

00:10:30.240 --> 00:10:33.800
I know about Marie Curie,
Rosalind Franklin

00:10:34.280 --> 00:10:38.120
and another,...
I can't remember her name.

00:10:38.360 --> 00:10:39.480
Margarita Salas

00:10:39.800 --> 00:10:42.160
My aunt is a scientist.

00:10:42.800 --> 00:10:45.760
She does research at Dublin University,

00:10:46.480 --> 00:10:48.400
investigating water molecules.

00:10:48.920 --> 00:10:52.560
Was there one called Hipatia?

00:10:53.240 --> 00:10:59.080
She was a woman born in the year 340-something.

00:10:59.560 --> 00:11:03.480
Her father worked in a library until it burnt down.

00:11:03.880 --> 00:11:09.520
She wanted to be a scientist,
watched her father and read books all the time.

00:11:09.880 --> 00:11:14.520
Everyone told her not to read,
to go out, to get married

00:11:14.960 --> 00:11:18.200
but she didn’t want to. She kept on reading

00:11:18.760 --> 00:11:24.040
They accepted her because she was so clever.
She studied and became a scientist.

00:11:24.640 --> 00:11:33.680
It was amazing because
she was the first woman scientist.

00:11:34.960 --> 00:11:37.000
I found it really interesting.

00:11:37.400 --> 00:11:39.320
I can remember another one, Jane Goodall.

00:11:39.880 --> 00:11:45.800
One who studied and spoke to
gorillas when she was young.

00:11:46.600 --> 00:11:52.880
One who worked with orangutangs
or gorillas or monkeys.

00:11:53.640 --> 00:11:55.080
She really caught my attention.

00:11:56.000 --> 00:12:02.080
One who did research into atoms
and atomic particles,

00:12:02.800 --> 00:12:09.480
discovered lots of things about nuclear fusion,
things like that.

00:12:10.120 --> 00:12:15.160
Someone told me that
women invented the lift and the fire ladder,

00:12:15.560 --> 00:12:19.560
but I don’t remember their names.
I hadn’t heard of them.

00:12:20.120 --> 00:12:29.000
I was impressed by Ada Lovelace because
not many people knew about technology back then.

00:12:29.640 --> 00:12:35.280
Elena… I can’t remember her surname,
she invented an exoskeleton

00:12:36.560 --> 00:12:40.080
to help children with brain and motor problems.

00:12:40.760 --> 00:12:48.880
And another I can’t remember, who invented radiology
or something like that, with her husband.

00:12:49.280 --> 00:12:55.080
In Year 3 we did a project about women scientists.

00:12:55.760 --> 00:13:00.800
I have lots of books about women scientists
with information about them.

00:13:01.320 --> 00:13:07.560
I like reading about people who
made great discoveries, in Wikipedia.

00:13:08.080 --> 00:13:15.160
It’s important to have role models at different levels,

00:13:15.600 --> 00:13:24.000
people who spark your curiosity
or show you the way

00:13:24.520 --> 00:13:27.960
or opportunities. Then you decide.

00:13:29.880 --> 00:13:32.640
We’re going to draw some pictures

00:13:33.360 --> 00:13:35.240
‘Biker’

00:13:37.160 --> 00:13:38.880
‘Artist’.

00:13:39.400 --> 00:13:42.520
What do you think?
‘Astronaut’, ‘police officer’, ‘biker’, ‘artist’.

00:13:43.640 --> 00:13:47.560
I’ll give you one sheet each.

00:13:53.800 --> 00:13:56.080
Each person imagines what they imagine.

00:14:00.680 --> 00:14:04.040
I have to draw a good uniform.

00:14:07.440 --> 00:14:10.280
This is a man painter drawing a house.

00:14:11.920 --> 00:14:15.520
This is a policeman directing the traffic.

00:14:16.560 --> 00:14:17.800
This is a man astronaut.

00:14:18.680 --> 00:14:22.080
This is a man, this is a man, this is a man.

00:14:22.480 --> 00:14:25.000
A woman painter drawing this girl.

00:14:25.800 --> 00:14:26.720
This is a girl.

00:14:27.160 --> 00:14:28.560
This is a man biker.

00:14:29.240 --> 00:14:32.680
I’ve drawn a man travelling to the moon.

00:14:33.360 --> 00:14:35.320
This man is an “Important Painter”

00:14:36.120 --> 00:14:40.640
In my gymnastics class there aren’t any girls.

00:14:41.360 --> 00:14:43.880
- Off: There are no girls?
- Oh! No boys!

00:14:44.320 --> 00:14:52.560
This is a policeman with a stick.
I usually see policemen.

00:14:53.280 --> 00:15:03.000
ISABEL TAJAHUERCE/ UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR
If all police superintendents are men,
how many girls identify with that?

00:15:03.560 --> 00:15:13.480
If women make the pancakes and stew,
who will girls identify with?

00:15:13.760 --> 00:15:17.240
No boys will want that.

00:15:18.000 --> 00:15:28.320
It’s about the professions that
the media portray and our everyday roles.

00:15:28.640 --> 00:15:42.000
In media fiction, who are the stressed-out carers that
take the children to school? Women.

00:15:42.800 --> 00:15:53.320
Who are the professionals who work late and
have no time with the children? Men.

00:15:54.040 --> 00:16:00.200
That’s how we build our worldview.
It’s the same for personal relationships.

00:16:00.680 --> 00:16:06.760
I want to be a vet or something with animals.
I’m not sure.

00:16:07.320 --> 00:16:14.360
Vet, gymnast, ballerina.

00:16:15.800 --> 00:16:17.520
Teacher.

00:16:18.640 --> 00:16:20.480
Gymnast and vet.

00:16:20.960 --> 00:16:23.360
I’d like to be a teacher.

00:16:23.680 --> 00:16:32.720
I want to be a policeman,
I love having adventures.

00:16:33.320 --> 00:16:34.880
Video-game programmer.

00:16:35.720 --> 00:16:39.240
I could invent video games.

00:16:39.840 --> 00:16:44.640
And something where you move around a lot
because I never stay still…

00:16:45.120 --> 00:16:46.600
Basketball player.

00:16:47.120 --> 00:16:54.880
A long time ago a 7-year-old girl said to me
“I know what I want to be when I’m older”.

00:16:55.040 --> 00:16:58.080
I asked her what and she said “A boy”.

00:16:59.360 --> 00:17:05.240
I asked her why.
“Because they have all the fun things, the interesting things”.

00:17:05.520 --> 00:17:11.160
Boys’ toys are fun,
they make noises, do things.

00:17:11.520 --> 00:17:21.560
Girls’ toys are boring, lifeless,
with music that sends you to sleep.

00:17:21.880 --> 00:17:27.560
From my experience in schools,
children describe engineers as

00:17:28.000 --> 00:17:34.640
“Very strange men who don’t talk much”.

00:17:35.440 --> 00:17:41.640
It’s important for young children to see that there are men
and women engineers  who are perfectly normal,

00:17:41.960 --> 00:17:46.840
just like in other professions.
That’s part of the Women and Engineering project.

00:17:47.280 --> 00:17:56.240
I’ve drawn some police officers and a thief they’ve caught.

00:17:56.800 --> 00:18:00.320
They’re all women.
Off: Why?

00:18:00.800 --> 00:18:03.280
It’s unfair if there are only men.

00:18:03.680 --> 00:18:12.160
They always say that astronauts are men
but I’ve drawn a girl because I wanted to.

00:18:12.960 --> 00:18:23.080
I’ve drawn a policewoman because
I want to be a policewoman and two other things.

00:18:23.600 --> 00:18:38.200
An artist or painter. I drew a woman because
we did a project about famous painters

00:18:38.640 --> 00:18:45.360
and they were all men, except for Frida Kahlo,
so I wanted a woman.

00:18:45.720 --> 00:18:53.560
The astronauts I’ve seen are almost always men
and I wanted to draw a woman.

00:18:54.120 --> 00:19:02.440
It’s unfair that only girls can be circus artists
or ballerinas, not boys.

00:19:02.800 --> 00:19:08.680
Or that boys can only be football players.
That’s why I drew both.

00:19:10.760 --> 00:19:13.680
A father and son travel from Madrid to Valencia by car.

00:19:14.160 --> 00:19:17.280
They have an accident and the father dies.

00:19:17.720 --> 00:19:24.480
The son needs a complicated operation so the hospital
calls the top expert in surgery.

00:19:25.040 --> 00:19:31.040
Upon seeing the boy, the expert says
“I can’t operate, he’s my son”. Who is the expert?

00:19:32.880 --> 00:19:35.680
- The father.
Off: The father?

00:19:36.040 --> 00:19:37.080
The mother.

00:19:37.720 --> 00:19:39.000
The mother.

00:19:39.400 --> 00:19:41.360
The expert is the mother.

00:19:41.760 --> 00:19:50.240
A child has a mother and father so
if the father has died it must be the mother.

00:19:50.920 --> 00:19:55.480
First I thought they were gay and had adopted but…

00:19:56.280 --> 00:20:01.800
If the father has died, it must be the mother.

00:20:02.280 --> 00:20:05.960
Either his father, because they’re gay,
or his mother.

00:20:06.440 --> 00:20:09.680
I thought it was the father’s clone
or that the father was still alive or…

00:20:10.280 --> 00:20:21.840
When people think of a surgeon,
the first thing that comes to mind is the name of a man.

00:20:22.400 --> 00:20:26.640
They’re not used to women doing important jobs.

00:20:27.320 --> 00:20:33.840
Men were in charge and women had to do the worst jobs.

00:20:34.640 --> 00:20:39.640
It’s because of sexism, right? If not…

00:20:41.080 --> 00:20:44.280
Because of sexism, I suppose, but that’s all, isn’t it?

00:20:45.120 --> 00:20:51.080
Do women say it’s the other father as well?
Do women do that too?

00:20:51.760 --> 00:21:02.560
Unfortunately, lots of people think there are
only male terms for some things

00:21:03.080 --> 00:21:12.400
but they can be women too.
For example, a fireman can be a woman.

00:21:12.840 --> 00:21:16.640
Nowadays it’s not such a big thing any more.

00:21:17.240 --> 00:21:27.320
You can see it with teenagers,
we get the answer right more than older people, I think.

00:21:28.080 --> 00:21:30.440
I feel hopeful.

00:21:31.320 --> 00:21:35.440
I believe in the present because it’s exciting,
it’s where we can do things,

00:21:35.720 --> 00:21:37.480
but above all I’m excited about the future.

00:21:37.760 --> 00:21:45.640
The new generations are well prepared
and have huge opportunities.

00:21:46.040 --> 00:21:50.280
The future world is much better than the one we have now.
I’m totally optimistic.

00:21:50.640 --> 00:21:52.200
I like the world more and more.

00:21:52.400 --> 00:21:55.600
The Expert

00:22:00.880 --> 00:22:04.240
I’d like to be almost everything a little bit

00:22:08.240 --> 00:22:14.080
Scientist.
Because I could invent things to help people.

00:22:16.880 --> 00:22:22.880
I’d like to be a surgeon because
I could save lives and help people.

00:22:26.560 --> 00:22:31.680
I think that men and women can
both do science perfectly well.

00:22:35.400 --> 00:22:38.320
I’d like to be an astronaut.